Much of the statistical data reproduced here was taken from publications of the U.S. government and is not copy protected. The contributors to this volume have freely reproduced definitions and methodological descriptions of data and data sources from government publications, including earlier editions of Historical Statistics of the United States, without direct quotation or citation.

Data from sources other than the U.S. government may be under copyright. Cambridge University Press has made every effort to secure, where necessary, permission to reproduce such protected material. In almost every case, the permission requested was freely granted. In a few instances, however, the copyright owner requested a specific citation or acknowledgment. These citations are provided here. Cambridge University Press thanks all copyright owners for their generous permission to reproduce the data included in this edition of Historical Statistics of the United States.

Series Ab63 for 1800–1930. Ansley J. Coale and Melvin Zelnik, New Estimates of Fertility and Population in the United States: A Study of Annual White Births from 1855 to 1960 and of Completeness of Enumeration in the Censuses from 1880 to 1960, p. 36. Copyright 1963 by Princeton University Press. Used by permission of Princeton University Press.

Series Ab85 for 1800–1930. Ansley J. Coale and Norfleet W. Rives Jr., "A Statistical Reconstruction of the Black Population of the United States, 1880–1970: Estimates of True Numbers by Age and Sex, Birth Rates, and Total Fertility,” Population Index 31, p. 26. Copyright 1973 by Ansley J. Coale. Used with permission courtesy of Ansley J. Coale.

Series Ab923 for 1850. Richard H. Steckel, "A Dreadful Childhood: The Excess Mortality of American Slaves,” Social Science History 10. Copyright 1986 by the Social Science History Association (all rights reserved). Used by permission of Duke University Press.

Series Ad15. Robert W. Fogel, Ralph A. Galantine, and Richard L. Manning, editors, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery, Evidence and Methods, Table 4.2, p. 55. Copyright 1992, 1988 by Robert W. Fogel. Used by permission of W. W. Norton and Company.

Series Ag265–327 for 1950–1980; series Ag395–433 for 1910, 1930, and 1970; series Ag478–492 for 1890, 1910, 1930, 1960, 1970, and 1980; series Ag547–654 for 1936, 1953, 1962, 1974, and 1983; and series Ag700–703 for 1865–1983. Paul Stuart, Nations within a Nation, Tables 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.15, 3.3, 3.8, 3.14, 3.5, 3.16, 3.17, 4.16, and 4.17. Copyright 1987. Used by permission of Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, Connecticut.

Series Ag718–720. Joane Nagel, American Indian Ethnic Renewal, Table 10. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press. Used by permission of Oxford University Press.

Series Ba4224–4233. Claudia Goldin, Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women, Table 3.1. Copyright 1990 by Oxford University Press. Used by permission of Oxford University Press.

Series Ba4641–4646. J. P. Robinson and G. Godbey, Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time, Tables 2 and 3. Copyright 1997 by the Pennsylvania State University. Used by permission of Pennsylvania State University.

Series Ba4778–4782. Price V. Fishback, Soft Coal, Hard Choices: The Economic Welfare of Bituminous Coal Miners, 1890–1930, pp. 103, 234–5. Copyright 1992 by Oxford University Press. Used by permission of Oxford University Press.

Series Bb209–214, series Bb215–218. Richard Sutch, "Appendix: The Value of the Slave Population, 1805–1860,” in Roger Ransom and Richard Sutch, "Capitalists without Capital: The Burden of Slavery and the Impact of Emancipation,” Agricultural History 62, Tables A.1 and A.4. Copyright 1988 by the Agricultural History Society. Used by permission of the University of California Press.

Series Bc450–453 for 1983–1997. Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson, Union Membership and Earnings Data Book: Compilations from the Current Population Survey, annual issues. Copyrights 1983 to 1997. Used by permission of the Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.

Series Bc586 for 1919–1966; series Bc587 for 1877–1966; and series Bc919 for 1869–1966. Abbott L. Ferriss, Indicators of Trends in American Education, Appendix D. Copyright 1969 by the Russell Sage Foundation, 112 East 64th Street, New York, New York 10021. Used by permission of the Russell Sage Foundation.

Series Bd664, series Bd683, and series Bd687. Peter A. Coclanis and John Komlos, "Nutrition and Economic Development in Post-Reconstruction South Carolina: An Anthropomorphic Approach,” Social Science History 19. Copyright 1995 by the Social Science History Association (all rights reserved). Used by permission of Duke University Press.

Series Bf28–33. Stanley Lebergott, The American Economy: Income, Wealth, and Want, pp. 64–5. Copyright 1976 by Princeton University Press. Used by permission of Princeton University Press.

Series Bg551, series Bg594, and series Cd1–77, series Cd78–152. Stanley Lebergott, Consumer Expenditures: New Measures and Old Motives, Tables A1 and A2. Copyright 1996 by Princeton University Press. Used by permission of Princeton University Press.

Series Cb64–69 and series Cj141. Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960, Tables A1, A2, and B3. Copyright 1963 by Princeton University Press. Used by permission of Princeton University Press.

Series Da633 for 1946–1952. James Street, The New Revolution in the Cotton Economy, p. 133. Copyright 1955 by the University of North Carolina Press, renewed 1985 by James Harry Street. Used by permission of the University of North Carolina Press.

Series Db273–282 for 1887 and 1889–1917. Harden F. Taylor, Survey of Marine Fisheries of North Carolina. Copyright 1951. Used by permission of the University of North Carolina Press.

Series Dd368–369 for 1860–1914; series Dd375–377 for 1870–1879; series Dd406 for 1879–1889; series Dd407 for 1860–1872; series Dd429–430 for 1871–1914; series Dd497; and series Dd843 for 1860–1914. Edwin Frickey, Production in the United States, 1860–1914, pp. 8–9, 14–15, 54, 135–44, and 189–97. Copyright 1947. Used by permission of Harvard University Press.

Series Df22–24, series Df625, series Df632–638, and series Df639–640. Erik F. Haites, James Mak, and Gary M. Walton, Western River Transportation: The Era of Early Internal Development, 1810–1860, Tables 16, A-1, A-2, A-3, G-1, and G-2, and Appendix B. Copyright 1975. Used by permission of the Johns Hopkins University Press.

Series Dg110 for 1981–2000 and series Dg111–115. Internet Domain Survey conducted by Network Wizards. Copyright 1993–2002 by Robert H. Zakon. Used by permission of Robert H. Zakon. http://www.zakon.org/Robert/internet/timeline/

Series Ec255–264, series Ec267–276, and series Ec279–288. Stewart E. Tolnay and E. M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930, Table C-3. Copyright 1995 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. Used with the permission of the University of Illinois Press.

Series Ec1127–1134 for 1945–1994 and series Ec1135–1138 for 1959–1995. Gary Kleck, Targeting Guns: Firearms and Their Control, pp. 96–100. Copyright 1997 by Walter de Gruyter, Inc. Used with the permission of Gary Kleck.

Series Eg1–59. John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of British America, 1607–1789, 2nd edition, Tables 5.1, 6.4, 8.1, and 9.4. Copyright 1985 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the University of North Carolina Press.

Series Eg315–324. John J. McCusker, Money and Exchange in Europe and America, 1600–1775: A Handbook, 2nd edition, pp. 315–17. Copyright 1995 by John J. McCusker. Used by permission of the University of North Carolina Press.

Series Eg404–419. William H. Bedford, Lester J. Cappon, et al., "Economic Activity,” in Atlas of Early American History: The Revolutionary Era, 1760–1790, edited by Lester J. Cappon, Barbara Bartz Petchenik, and John Hamilton Long, pp. 26–30 and 103–7. Copyright 1976 by Princeton University Press. Used by permission of Princeton University Press.